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Simonelis, Alex. "A Concise Guide to the Major Internet Bodies."
Ubiquity 6.5 (15-22 Feb 2005).
http://www.acm.org/ubiquity/views/v6i5_simoneli.html
The bodies responsible for the Internet's protocols and parameters can
be said to steer the Internet in a significant sense. This document, by
Alex Simonelis of Dawson College in Montreal, is a summary of those
bodies and their most important characteristics.
1. Introduction
Who steers the Internet? "The Internet, a loosely-organized
international collaboration of autonomous, interconnected networks,
supports host-to-host communication through voluntary adherence to open
protocols and procedures defined by Internet Standards." [1]. While this
definition is essentially correct, its emphasis might give the reader
the impression that no one is at the helm of the Internet. That
conclusion would be wrong. Certain protocols, and the parameters
required for their usage, are essential in order to operate on the
Internet. A number of bodies have become responsible for those protocol
standards and parameters. It can be fairly said that those bodies steer
the Internet in a significant sense. This document is a summary of those
bodies and their most important characteristics.
The bodies belong to three major nexuses. Links, both formal and
informal, exist between the nexuses.
Almost all Internet technological standards are developed and set by the
group consisting of the Internet Society (ISOC) and the units operating
under the auspices of ISOC: the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF), the Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG), the
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), and the RFC Editor. It is important
to note that, while these units are responsible to ISOC, ISOC allows
them a large degree of independence in their technical work.
Internet domain names and IP addresses are the province of the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and its Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA).
World Wide Web standards are developed by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C).
It should be noted that the direction of the Internet's physical network
structure is not addressed in this document. That structure is
essentially determined by a large number of mainly commercial network
operators, ranging from small to intercontinental, that build and join
their infrastructures in response to market forces, in order to provide
them to subscribers on a paid basis. These networks that form the
Internet are linked in a topology similar to that of a large,
well-developed highway system.
2. ISOC
ORGANIZATION: In 1991, the large growth of the Internet, including its
commercial sector, and the Internet community's need for a formal
organization to provide a legal home for the standards bodies of that
time (IETF, etc.) led to the formation, under the auspices of the
Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), of the Internet
Society. In January 1992, the Internet Society was chartered as a U.S.
District of Columbia non-profit corporation.
GOVERNANCE: ISOC is governed by its Board of Trustees.
MEMBERSHIP/COMPOSITION: ISOC welcomes individuals and organizations as
members. Individuals in the Internet community have ample opportunity to
participate in ISOC and its component bodies.
MISSION/GOALS: ISOC's mission is "To assure the open development,
evolution and use of the Internet for the benefit of all people
throughout the world." [2]. As one of its most important tasks, it
"facilitates open development of standards, protocols, administration
and the technical infrastructure of the Internet" [2], and so it is the
organizational and legal home for most of the groups that are
responsible for developing Internet technical standards.
FUNDING: ISOC is funded mainly from organization member fees.
ASSOCIATED BODIES: IAB, IESG, IETF, IRSG, IRTF, RFC Editor.
3. IETF
ORGANIZATION: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) held its first
meeting in 1986. It is a loosely self-organized, large, grass roots
technical group consisting of network administrators, designers,
researchers, vendors, users, etc. In its broader sense, IETF is used to
refer to IETF, IAB, IESG, IRSG, IRTF and RFC Editor as a collective.
GOVERNANCE: The IETF is not a formal body, and has no board of
directors. It operates as an activity of ISOC and is responsible to it.
For its technical work, it is divided into broad units called areas,
each led by the Area Director(s) (ADs). ADs are proposed by the
nominating committee (the Nomcom) of the IETF, and appointed by the IAB.
The areas are divided into more specialized working groups (WGs), each
with chair(s). WG chairs serve at the pleasure of the appropriate AD.
IETF has a chair who is proposed by the nominating committee of the
IETF, and then appointed by the voting members of the IAB, not including
the incumbent IETF chair. The IETF chair is also the chair of IESG. WG
and AD decisions are subject to appeal to the IESG.
MEMBERSHIP/COMPOSITION: There is no formal membership. Generally,
attendance at IETF meetings and subscription to IETF mailing lists is
open to all volunteers. Participants are expected to contribute as
individuals, rather than as representatives of companies or organizations.
MISSION/GOALS: The IETF concerns itself with the engineering and
architecture of the Internet. It is the principal body that develops,
tests and implements new Internet technological standards, including
protocols. The IETF proposes standards to the IESG.
FUNDING: The IETF, including its small Secretariat, is largely
self-funded via IETF meeting attendance fees. A relatively small
percentage of IETF's budget is contributed by ISOC.
ASSOCIATED BODIES: ISOC, IAB, IESG, RFC Editor, ICANN, IANA, W3C.
4. IESG
ORGANIZATION: Formed in 1989, the Internet Engineering Steering Group
(IESG) is the management group of the IETF.
GOVERNANCE: The IESG operates as an activity of ISOC and is responsible
to it. The IESG is led by the IETF/IESG chair. IESG decisions are
subject to appeal to the IAB.
MEMBERSHIP/COMPOSITION: The members are the Area Directors of IETF, the
chair of IETF/IESG and a small number of ex-officio and liaison members.
MISSION/GOALS: The IESG vets and approves IETF standards, and generally
manages the standards process according to the policies and procedures
ratified by the ISOC Trustees. The IESG creates IETF working groups, etc.
FUNDING: The IESG is largely self-funded. ISOC contributes.
ASSOCIATED BODIES: ISOC, IAB, IETF, RFC Editor, IANA.
5. IRTF
ORGANIZATION: Formed in 1989, the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) is
a self-organized research group.
GOVERNANCE: The IRTF is divided into research groups (RGs), each with
chair(s). RG chairs may be removed by the IRTF chair, subject to appeal
to the IAB. The IAB appoints the chair of the IRTF. The IRTF chair
reports to the IAB.
MEMBERSHIP/COMPOSITION: Since RGs are expected to be long-term groups,
and to encourage the kind of working relationships such groups may need,
membership in RGs may be open or closed, in contrast with IETF WGs,
which are always open. Participants are expected to contribute as
individuals, rather than as representatives of companies or organizations.
MISSION/GOALS: While the IETF focuses on engineering and standards, the
IRTF focuses on research. The IRTF investigates Internet topics that are
too uncertain or too advanced to be standardized at the moment. When
IRTF produces a specification that is suitable for standardization, it
is processed via IETF.
FUNDING: The IRTF is largely self-funded. ISOC contributes.
ASSOCIATED BODIES: ISOC, IAB, IRSG.
6. IRSG
ORGANIZATION: Formed in 1989, the Internet Research Steering Group
(IRSG) is the management group of the IRTF.
GOVERNANCE: The IRTF chair leads the IRSG. The IRTF chair reports to the
IAB.
MEMBERSHIP/COMPOSITION: The IRSG consists of the chairs of the IRTF
research groups, the chair of IRTF, and possibly at-large members from
the research community.
MISSION/GOALS: The IRTF chair manages the IRTF in consultation with the
IRSG.
FUNDING: The IRSG is largely self-funded. ISOC contributes.
ASSOCIATED BODIES: ISOC, IAB, IRTF.
7. IAB
ORGANIZATION: In June of 1992, the Internet Society chartered the
Internet Architecture Board (IAB) as one of its components. The ancestor
of the IAB was the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB), a
technical advisory group formed by Vint Cerf of DARPA in 1979. The ICCB
was replaced by the Internet Advisory Board (IAB) in 1984, which became
the Internet Activities Board in 1986, which was chartered as the
Internet Architecture Board in June, 1992.
GOVERNANCE: ISOC has jurisdiction over the IAB but allows it a large
degree of independence in its operations. With respect to technology,
the IAB is considered to be a committee of the IETF.
MEMBERSHIP/COMPOSITION: IAB voting members are proposed by the
nominating committee of the IETF, and are then appointed by the ISOC
Board of Trustees. The IETF chair, who is chair of IESG as well, is also
a voting member. The voting members select one of themselves to serve as
chair of IAB. Non-voting members, mainly from associated bodies, also
exist. Members serve as individuals, and not as representatives of
companies or organizations.
MISSION/GOALS: ISOC mandates the IAB to oversee the architecture of the
Internet, including its protocols and other standards. IESG decisions
may be appealed to the IAB. IAB rulings are final, with the exception
that claims that the IAB proceeded unreasonably may be appealed to the
ISOC Board of Trustees. The appointment of an organization as RFC Editor
is subject to IAB approval. The IAB claims, on behalf of the IETF, to
appoint the organization which is to act as IANA (see sections 9 and 10
below). The IAB appoints the IETF Area Directors and the IETF chair on
recommendation of the IETF, as well as the IRTF chair. The IAB advises
ISOC's Board, and carries out technical external liaison on behalf of ISOC.
FUNDING: The IAB is largely self-funded. ISOC contributes.
ASSOCIATED BODIES: ISOC, IESG, IETF, IRSG, IRTF, RFC Editor, ICANN, IANA.
8. RFC Editor
ORGANIZATION: The RFC document series was initiated by UCLA's Steve
Crocker in 1969, and maintained originally at the SRI Network
Information Center, then at USC ISI. Jon Postel of USC ISI headed the
RFC Editor for decades until his passing in 1998. The RFC Editor is
currently a small department operated by USC ISI for ISOC.
GOVERNANCE: ISOC appoints an organization as RFC Editor on the
recommendation of IAB. The IAB vets the general policy followed by the
RFC Editor.
MEMBERSHIP/COMPOSITION: ISOC appointees.
MISSION/GOALS: The RFC Editor is the organization that edits, manages,
publishes and maintains the authoritative archive of the Request For
Comments (RFC) documents, which are the Internet's documents of record.
FUNDING: ISOC funds the RFC Editor.
ASSOCIATED BODIES: ISOC, IAB, IESG, IETF, IANA.
9. ICANN
ORGANIZATION: In the late '90s, the U.S. government was completing
implementation of its decision to privatize the Internet. The
implementation called for the continued operational stability of the
Internet, including its Domain Name System. In 1998, the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) was chartered as a
California non-profit corporation for this purpose. It can be regarded
as a technical coordinating and regulatory body.
GOVERNANCE: ICANN is governed by its Board of Directors. The majority of
Directors are selected by ICANN's nominating committee. A number of
others are appointed by ICANN's supporting organizations. Directors are
expected to serve as individuals, not as representatives. The U.S.
Department of Commerce gives ICANN authorization to perform the IANA
function via a renewable contract which contains a number of reporting
requirements. For the more technical aspects of its operations, ICANN
and its Board rely on the IETF and the IAB for information and guidance.
MEMBERSHIP/COMPOSITION: ICANN has neither individual nor organizational
members in the ordinary sense. Its supporting organizations and advisory
committees generally provide a great deal of feedback to the Board on
the issues of the day, and ICANN regards them as its constituents. They
span the globe and cover a broad range of interests: technical,
commercial, governmental, academic and user-oriented. Individuals in the
Internet community have some opportunity for participation in ICANN,
mainly through its advisory committee structure.
MISSION/GOALS: ICANN's revised articles of incorporation state that "...
the Corporation shall, except as limited by Article 5 hereof, pursue the
charitable and public purposes of lessening the burdens of government
and promoting the global public interest in the operational stability of
the Internet by (i) coordinating the assignment of Internet technical
parameters as needed to maintain universal connectivity on the Internet;
(ii) performing and overseeing functions related to the coordination of
the Internet Protocol ("IP") address space; (iii) performing and
overseeing functions related to the coordination of the Internet domain
name system ("DNS"), including the development of policies for
determining the circumstances under which new top-level domains are
added to the DNS root system; (iv) overseeing operation of the
authoritative Internet DNS root server system; and (v) engaging in any
other related lawful activity in furtherance of items (i) through (iv)."
[3]. The articles further state that ICANN "shall operate for the
benefit of the Internet community as a whole, carrying out its
activities in conformity with relevant principles of international law
and applicable international conventions and local law and, to the
extent appropriate and consistent with these Articles and its Bylaws,
through open and transparent processes that enable competition and open
entry in Internet-related markets. To this effect, the Corporation shall
cooperate as appropriate with relevant international organizations."
Among ICANN's most demanding responsibilities are the creation of
top-level domains and the (re-)delegation of domain registries.
FUNDING: ICANN is funded mainly from domain name and IP address
registries and registrars. Its budget includes funds for a number of
staff, headed by a President/CEO and including an Ombudsman.
ASSOCIATED BODIES: IANA, U.S. Department of Commerce, IAB, IETF, W3C.
10. IANA
ORGANIZATION: The tasks that the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
(IANA) performs began in the early '70s. Those and ensuing tasks were
performed, and the organization was led, by Jon Postel for decades.
Formally, IANA is said to be a service or set of functions. In practical
terms, it is a subsidiary organization of ICANN.
GOVERNANCE: In March, 2003, the U.S. Department of Commerce awarded its
most recent contract to ICANN to perform the IANA functions. ICANN
operates IANA under the authority of the U.S. government. IANA works
collegially with the IAB, IESG and IETF in carrying out its mission.
MEMBERSHIP/COMPOSITION: ICANN appointees.
MISSION/GOALS: IANA oversees IP address allocation, manages the DNS
(this includes root server system oversight and top-level domain
delegation), and coordinates protocol parameter assignment. All Internet
domain names and IP addresses are allocated from IANA, either directly
or, much more likely, indirectly through IANA's delegation of authority
via a worldwide system of Internet registries and registrars.
FUNDING: ICANN funds IANA.
ASSOCIATED BODIES: ICANN, IAB, IESG, IETF, RFC Editor.
11. W3C
ORGANIZATION: The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim
Berners-Lee in October, 1994 at MIT in collaboration with the European
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN).
GOVERNANCE: The W3C is a group hosted by MIT in the U.S., the European
Research Consortium in Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM) in Europe,
and Keio University in Japan (the Hosts). The W3C is responsible to the
Hosts, who maintain a Steering Committee that sets general policy and
strategy for W3C from time to time; the majority of the Steering
Committee are either from, or appointed by, MIT. W3C calls its technical
tasks "Activities", and groups them into broad units called domains.
Activities are carried out by Working Group(s) (for technical work),
Interest Group(s) (for general work) and Coordination Group(s) (for
group coordination). Groups have a chair and consist of member
representatives, Team representatives and invited experts. The Team is
the Hosts' technical and staff corps that leads Activities and manages
the W3C. The Team includes the Director, the Chief Operating Officer,
the W3C Chair, W3C Fellows, and others. The Director: has responsibility
and authority for overall direction of W3C, is the chief technical
architect, chairs the Technical Architecture Group (TAG), appoints group
chairs, hears appeals of working group decisions, is appointed by MIT
and reports to the Director of MIT's Lab for Computer Sciences. The
Chief Operating Officer is responsible for worldwide operations and
general management of W3C. The W3C Chair, appointed by MIT, is
responsible for member relations and external liaison. The Advisory
Committee (AC) is the general assembly of the membership, with one
representative from each member; it reviews proposed Activities and
recommendations, and suggests future directions for the W3C. The
Advisory Board, elected by the Advisory Committee, is the representative
council of the membership; its chair is appointed by the Team; it is not
a board of directors; it gives guidance to the Team on legal issues,
strategy, administration, structures, process, etc., and can do so in
between Advisory Committee meetings, which are infrequent.
MEMBERSHIP/COMPOSITION: The W3C is structured, and membership is priced,
to have organizations as members. Individuals in the Internet community
have limited opportunity for participation in W3C, mainly via those W3C
mailing lists that are public.
MISSION/GOALS: "The mission of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is to
lead the World Wide Web to its full potential by developing common
protocols that promote its evolution and ensure its interoperability."
[4]. The W3C develops, tests and implements new Web technological
standards ("recommendations" in W3C parlance). The W3C is similar to the
IETF in that it develops technological standards, but its focus is more
tightly directed, at the Web and associated technologies.
FUNDING: W3C is funded mainly from organization member fees, and some
grants. Its budget includes funds for a number of staff and
collaborative resources.
ASSOCIATED BODIES: IETF, ICANN.
12. Acknowledgements
Thanks to Dawson College. Thanks to Tim Berners-Lee, Bob Braden, Vint
Cerf and Ian B. Jacobs for their constructive reviews of major portions
of this document.
13. References
[1] Internet Activities Board, "The Internet Standards Process" -
RFC1310, RFC Editor, March 1992.
[2] ISOC, URL http://www.isoc.org/isoc/mission/, February 2005.
[3] ICANN, URL http://www.icann.org/general/articles.htm, February 2005.
[4] W3C, URL http://www.w3c.org/Consortium/Process, February 2005.
14. Author Information
Alex Simonelis is a faculty member in the Computer Science Department of
Dawson College in Montreal, Canada, and is interested in the Internet,
operating systems, programming languages and data structures. Email:
asimonelis@dawsoncollege.qc.ca
Author's Note
The reader should be aware that this document was submitted to the RFC
Editor as a proposed RFC, and rejected, essentially because it contains
some points that were judged to be too controversial. For example, this
paper describes ICANN as a technical coordinating and regulatory body;
the senior leadership of ICANN, however, maintains that ICANN is
definitely not a regulatory body, which is clearly contrary to reality.
On another point, some groups described herein have contradictory views
on which body has jurisdiction over IANA. Furthermore, there are
differences of opinion regarding the degree of independence of the IETF
from ISOC, and therefore any statement that takes a position will be
considered controversial by some. And so it would be extremely
difficult, if not impossible, for a document to treat this subject
matter in a concise and accurate way, and at the same time avoid
controversy. In any case, it is the author's conviction that this
document does achieve objectivity by using historical and legal facts as
its basis.
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